Concrete scanning GPR Archives - Geotools

Low frequency deep Ground Penetrating Radar GPR 50-to-25 MHz Triton Dipole

Paul Ssali — Sun, 12 Sep 2021 02:22:39 +0000

Deep GPR investigation to 18-20m OKO-3 TRITON-M Deep Antenna

Product demonstration video https://youtu.be/SqDS_C9pUF0

For deep investigations to depths up to 18m using radar, Geotech Russia has expanded the OKO line of GPR with the new OKO-3 GPR with the Triton-M deep antenna unit ,utilizes optional low-frequency high power dipoles (frequency range 100, 50, 25MHz).

OKO-3 is the latest generation of high-performance GPR, providing 3 times faster sounding and improved radarogram quality. The OKO-3 series is used for a wide range of studies. The new radar with the unshielded unit Triton-M has a central frequency of 50/100 MHz and is intended for geophysical surveys under linear objects and engineering structures, as well as for geological work requiring an increase in depth. The main purpose is to carry out GPR surveys on rough terrain and in difficult operating conditions.

The major advantages of Triton-M are its small dimensions due to the collapsible design, as well as ease of assembly. The antenna unit consists of 2 sub-segments that fit into the convenient transport case included in the kit. These segments make it possible to change the central frequency of sounding between 50 MHz and 100 MHz.

Another advantage of the GPR is that its monoblock is equipped with a WI-FI module. This allows you to wirelessly control the OKO-3 from any Android or Windows device.

Features:

Unshielded antenna unit;
Possibility of varying the central frequency of sounding — 50/100MHz;
Maximum sounding depth up to 14/18 m;
Depth resolution from 0.5 to 1 m;
Power consumption — 3.6 W;
Collapsible 2-piece construction;
Wireless control via WI-Fi from Android / Windows devices.

Study type:

Deep studying;
Geological exploration;
Work in difficult conditions.

Application:

Geophysical surveys under linear objects and engineering structures.
Geological works requiring an increase in depth — surveying on rough terrain and in difficult operating conditions.

The «OKO-3» GPR with the Triton-M antenna unit is available for order. The kit is provided with a warranty of up to two years, as well as post-warranty service.

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4b Concrete Structural Scanning Ground penetrating radar GPR

Paul Ssali — Sun, 11 Apr 2021 10:56:17 +0000

Watch Video
http://geotechru.com/oko-3-gpr-with-control-processing-unit-8/

Construction Scan 2500 is a portable all-in one GPR solution designed for automated localizing defects in a wide variety of wood,brick and reinforcement concrete structures, at depth of 0,6 m.

Application

•Detection and location of different defects in reinforced concrete

•Cells, cavities

•Foreign inclusions

•Cracks, layering

•Determination of reinforcement specifications

•Size

•Occurrence depth

•Degree of corrosion

•Detection of buried wiring, cables and communications lines

•Detection of plastic and metal pipelines

•Detection of heterogeneities, anomalies and other buried in solid environment (which wood, brick, reinforced concrete, building constructions, soil, etc)

•Discovering of ventilation and communication channels

•Detection of shelters and covered-up holes

Features

•All-in-one GPR system

•5″ colour display

•Built-in USB interface

•Internal 2 GB Flash memory card

•Detachable SD-card

•Guiding laser

•Several languages option (Russian, English, Chinese)

•Quickly-detachable Li-io battery 15V

Construction Scan 2500 includes a control processing unit, LCD display, the antenna unit AB-1700 and a power supply unit in one enclosure. The control processing unit provides processing, displaying and saving of the scanning results. CS-2500 accumulates information in the internal 2 GB Flash memory card and transfers it to the PC via the USB interface. There is a special marking rug with a bar code for precision 3D scanning of objects.

ArmScan 3D

Specialized software ArmScan is a new solution for automated location of reinforcement, cables, pipes. The software allows users to build the utilities (reinforcement, pipes, etc) in 3D . the user can locate defects, different anomalies and other objects .

ArmScan-User Manual

https://youtu.be/HbAQptFoVNc https://youtu.be/HbAQptFoVNc

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4 A Road Scanning Ground Penetrating Radar GPR

Paul Ssali — Sun, 11 Apr 2021 09:40:44 +0000

The OKO-2 GPR Road Set uses special horn antennas (400-2500MHz) suspended above ground level and fixed to the vehicle by car suspension. The complex offers the users the single-channel and multi-channel solutions for high resolution survey up to 80 km per hour.

Geotech has a big experience of geophysical research on highway and collaborates with the leading Russian Road Companies.

Application

Engineering geophysical surveys for highways and overbridges construction

•Determining thickness of road pavement structural layers

•Detection of subsidence

•Detection of non solid and watered zones

•Study of engineering geological conditions of the zones liable to deformation

•Study of dangerous engineering geological processes:

•Landslides, floating earth, karstic phenomena

•Checking highway pavement structure compliance with project documentation

The Horn antennas (with central frequency from 400 to 2500 MHz) are designed for the detailed examination of pavement layer thickness.

Features:

•high speed multi-channel control unit

•number of channels: up to six (up to 6 profiles simultaneously)

•antennas frequency: from 150MHz up to 2500MHz

•maximum survey speed: up to 120 km/h

•detection depth: up to 8m

•creating 3D model

•GPS integration

•Automatic data processing

Key Characteristics

Operating time: up to 8 hours

Single-channel or two-channel control unit

Horn antenna 400MHz, 1000MHz, 1700MHz and 2000MHz

Control units are compatible with all OKO-2 GPR antennas

Survey rate up to 80 km/hour

The OKO-2 GPR Road Set combines:

•Control unit (single-channel or multi-channel)

•Notebook

•Power supply unit 9/12

•Optical transformer

•Charger ZU-9

•Motorcar odometer

•Antenna bracket

•Software GeoScan32

Software

OKO-2 GPR Technical Specification and Operating Instruction

GeoScan32 demo for Windows XP

GeoScan32

Geoscan 32 is designed for control of the ground penetration radar (GPR), as well as for further processing and visualization of the data obtained in the process of scanning.

Features

•GPR data acquisition with OKO-2 GPR in continuous mode, arrow mode (using odometer) and step-by-step mode

•Datavisualizationduringthesurvey

•Interactive determination of layer speeds and local objects occurrence depths

•Layer-by-layer processing

•Area survey data processing

•Terrain correction

•Trace editing

RadExplorer

RadExplorer – is designed for interactive processing and interpretation of GPR data developed by DECO Geophysical.RadExplorer is a specially designed program for GPR (ground-penetrating radar) data processing and interpretation. The options set optimized for GPR data and friendly human-engineered interface allow quick and effective processing of GPR data.

Applicable antenna options

AB-2000R

High-veloсity antenna of horn type with central frequency of 2000 MHz, depth of sounding up to 0,6 meter, resolution 0,02 meter

Price: More description
AB-1700R

Antenna of horn type with central frequency of 1700 MHz, narrowed directional diagram, opportunity to survey at a distance up to 0,02 meter above surface, opportunity of near-surface layer detailed survey, depth of sounding up to 0,8 meter, resolution 0,03…

Price: More description
AB-1000R

Antenna of horn type with central frequency of 1000 MHz, depth of sounding up to 1,5 meter, resolution 0,04 meter.

Price: More description
AB-400R

Antenna of horn type with central frequency of 400 MHz, depth of sounding up to 3 meter, resolution 0,10 meter. Processing and interpretation of GPR survey with 3-channel GPR (three antennas AB-400).

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1-GEPS2000 Deep Resistivity VES Sounding and Induced Polarization IP

Paul Ssali — Sun, 11 Apr 2021 02:31:46 +0000

GEPS-2000 – Geoelectric Power Sounder

Overview

Technical specifications

Download

2500 V – 10 A – 3500 W

Resistivity & Induced Polarization

Detachable radio/cable operated receiver

8 channels with simultaneous measurement

Up to 10 adjustable IP windows

Applications:

Groundwater explorations in arid and semi-arid areas, deep geological surveys, mineral prospecting, structural studies.

Geoelectric Power Sounder GEPS-2000 is a device for data acquisition and interpretation of deep VES (vertical electrical sounding) as well as for 8 channel profiling (resistivity and IP sections). It can be used for measurements up to 1000 – 2000 m depth allowing both high voltage and high current injection of transmitter current according to real measuring conditions.

The device consists of powerfull, overload protected transmitter supplied from two portable electric generators (with total power of 4000 W) and of detachable receiver. The operation is controlled from a user’s laptop. GEPS-2000 is a made-to-order device its features can be modified.

Measured data from GEPS-2000 acquired from several VES can be assembled into resistivity and IP sections using the interpretation software delivered with the device. Data output from 8 channel profiling is matched with RES2DINV inversion software.

Standard accessories:

GEPS-2000 transmitter with detachable receiver
Engine power generators (2 pcs)
Connection cables
Measuring software
Interpretation software IPI2WIN
User manual

Optional accessories:

Measuring current and potential cables on reels
Potential array for 8 channel profiling on reel
Measuring electrodes
Inversion software RES2DINV

Receiver

Transmitter

VES

Pole-dipole

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1-ARES-II Electrical Resistivity Tomography 2D/3D and VES

Paul Ssali — Sun, 11 Apr 2021 02:00:35 +0000

ARES II – 10-CHANNEL AUTOMATIC RESISTIVITY SYSTEM

Overview

Technical specifications

Downloads

850 W – 2000 V_p-p – 5 A transmitter
for all multi-electrode and manual modes

Power boosting with parallel coupling of more ARESII units
Full power applicable for all 1D,2D and 3D multielectrode measurements

10-channel or single-channel receiver
with up to 20 adjustable IP windows

2D/3D Resistivity & IP tomography
VES, RP, SP measurements
continuous or timed survey

Supports 1-, 5- or 10-channel measurements using
Active multi-electrode cables
Passive cables with switch box
Roll-along possibility

Easy operation with graphical screen

Data download via USB port or USB flash memory stick

Supply from 12 V battery or AC/DC convertor

GPS connectivity

Applications:

Groundwater exploration, geotechnical investigation, monitoring of dams and dikes, environmental studies, geological survey, mineral prospecting, archaeology, detecting of cavities and buried objects, underwater, marine, borehole and cross-hole measurements.

ARES II represents a well equipped resistivity and IP imaging system. Its advantages can be applied especially for large 2D and 3D surveys (operating up to 65,000 electrodes), for continuous survey from water level and for programable monitoring of structures. Its variability, easy field operation (without PC), feeding from a standard 12 V battery or from a generator, rich support of standard and special electrode arrays and compatibility with widespread interpretation software makes ARES useful tool for working groups and research teams.

Standard accessories:

Transport case
T-piece (for connection of multi-electrode cable sections and cables for current and potential electrodes)
Cable for external 12 V battery (with reverse polarity protection)
VES & profiling adapter II
AC/DC adapter (for all countries)
USB cable
PC software ARES II (MS Windows based)
User manual

Optional accessories:

Multi-Electrode cable II sections
Switch box II (48-channel adapter) for passive multi-electrode cables
12 V attachable battery pack with fast 3-stage battery charger
12 V electronic power supply
Cable reels
Stainless steel electrodes, non-polarizable electrodes
Processing software for 2D/3D inversion, VES interpretation and mapping (Res2DInv/Res3DInv, IPI2Win, Surfer)

ARES II control unit

1-channel Multi-Electrode Cable II Section MCS5/R

5-channel Multi-Electrode Cable II Section ME II/5-5

10-channel Multi-Electrode Cable II Section ME II/10-5

10(or 5) Channel Switch Box II for 48 outlets for passive cables

12 V Attachable Battery Pack

12 V Electronic Power Supply

VES & profiling Adapter II

Current Cable Reel

Potential Cable Reel

Stainless Steel Electrodes

Non-Polarizable Electrodes

Transport box (with wheels) for MEII/10-5M, MEII/10-10M, MCC2W-24, MCC1W-48, MCC5, MCC10

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1-ARES Electrical Resistivity Tomography and VES

Paul Ssali — Sun, 11 Apr 2021 00:31:49 +0000

ARES – Automatic Resistivity System

Overview

Technical specifications

Downloads

2000 V_p-p – 5 A – 850 W transmitter

Single-channel receiver

2D/3D resistivity & IP tomography

VES, RP, SP measurements

Up to 10 adjustable IP windows

Easy-control system

Active multi-electrode cables

Passive cables with switch box

Roll-along possibility

Applications:

Groundwater explorations, geotechnical investigations, monitoring of dams and dikes, environmental studies, pollution plumes mapping, geological surveys, mineral prospecting, archaeology, detecting of cavities, underwater, marine, borehole and cross-hole measurements.

ARES represents a well equipped resistivity and IP imaging system. Its variability, easy field operation (without PC), feeding from a standard 12 V battery or from a generator, rich support of standard and special electrode arrays and compatibility with widespread interpretation software makes ARES a cost effective and useful tool for working groups and research teams.

Standard accessories:

Transport case
T-piece (for connection of multi-electrode cable sections and cables for current and potential electrodes)
Cable for external 12 V battery
RS232C and USB cables
AC adapter (for all countries)
PC software ARES (MS Windows based)
User manual

Optional accessories:

Multi-Electrode cable sections – active and passive
Switch box (attachable 48-channel adapter) for passive multi-electrode cables
12 V attachable battery pack with fast 3-stage battery charger
12 V electronic power supply
VES-Adapter (for 5 pairs of potential electrodes)
Cable reels
Stainless steel electrodes, non-polarizable electrodes
Processing software for 2D/3D inversion, VES interpretation and mapping (Res2DInv/Res3DInv, IPI2Win, Surfer)

ARES control unit

Active Multi-Electrode Cable Sections MCS5

Passive Multi-Electrode Cable Sections MCC5

12 V Attachable Battery Pack or
12 V electronic power supply

Switch Box for Passive Multi-Electrode Cables

VES Adapter

Current Cable Reel

Potential Cable Reel

Stainless Steel Electrodes

Non-Polarizable Electrodes

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4 Mala CX12 Concrete scanning

Paul Ssali — Sat, 03 Apr 2021 23:40:37 +0000

MALÅ CX CONCRETE SCANNER allows for the safe and simple scanning of concrete

Mala CX Concrete Scanner

Construction professionals involved in the cutting, coring or drilling of concrete structure require a safe and reliable means of inspecting work areas to locate and identify hidden features that could cause damage to machinery, or pose a danger to the operator or the structure itself during these activities.
The CX Concrete Scanning system allows you to scan concrete structure simply and safely and present data clearly for real-time and in-the-box data acquisition, display and analysis. It is a quicker, safer and more cost effective option than competing systems or traditional radiographic testing methods and is available with a range of accessories.

Key Features:

Full data retension for post-processing or on-site data review
Industry leading screen visibility, even in bright sunlight
Aircraft quality aluminum housing with IP67 rating
Superior Li-Ion battery technology for all day operation on a single charge
Flexibiliy of the choice between 5 different antenna options with 50/60Hz Electromagnetic (EM) sensor
LINUX operating system for fast and reliable job processing
Intuitive project driven user interface for enhanced work flow
Project modes for 2D, 3D Grid, and Object Mapper™
In-the-box 3D processing to clear jobs on site.
Hyperbola fitting and migration tool for velocity calibration
Screen-shot function for verification and simple reporting
GPS compatible
3D PC processing software included

Applications in Australia

In Australia the CX11 System is typically used concrete investigations. Main targets are post-tension cables and utilities. The system is also used for the mapping of steel reinforcement which under some conditions should not be cut by coring. Typically a locator using the CX11 concrete scanner would be called in to \’clear\’ an area prior to cutting or coring the concrete slab. Asphalt thickness estimation is also an common application The CX11 system is suited for individuals and organisations wanting to service the infrastructure and construction industries.

The first to combine GPR with Electro-Magnetic
The CX system was the world’s first to combine GPR with the more common Electro-Magnetic (EM) technology by way of a fully integrated 50/60 Hz sensor. This combination allows the detection of both metallic and non metallic objects and features, but also aids in the detection and location of metallic conductors energized with 50/ 60 Hz within the structure under investigation; thereby offering an additional element of safety to the system.

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4a Pile Integrity Testing

Paul Ssali — Sun, 28 Feb 2021 06:53:39 +0000

pile integrity testing
Pile integrity Testing brochure WATCH VIDEO- Assessment of Piles and Concrete slabs

Pile integrity Testing IDS-1 Manual

APPLICATIONS

• Determining the length, integrity, average strength, and defects of piles

• Surveying structures foundation

• Examining concrete hydraulic structures

• Inspecting tunnels, sewers, underground storage tanks

• Measuring thickness of foundation slab and detecting cavities under them

• Examining condition and strength of concrete structure.

IDS-1, IDS-2 Pile Integrity Testing

This instrument ” IDS-1″ and IDS-2 can determine the length of reinforced concrete piles, Steel and Wooden piles up to sixty meters in length, such piles applicable to deep pile foundation buildings, Dams, Piers, Telecom Communication towers and Marine structures including jetty.

Engineers can also use IDS -1 and IDS-2 for surveying a structures’ foundation and examining concrete hydraulic structures, as well as inspecting underground tunnels, sewers, underground storage tanks.

The High frequency two‐channel seismic station IDS-1 and IDS-2 is designed for the inspection of metal and reinforced concrete piles to 60 m in length, foundation walls, foundations of road and airport runways, in‐ground walls, bridge piles, and other concrete and stone‐made utilities.

Watch VIDEO

FEATURES

• Measuring acoustic wave velocity

• Working with different modes of vibration

• Can be used in a downhole version

• Easy and user-friendly interface

• Automatic data processing

• Several languages option (Russian, English)

• Specially designed for a variety of weather conditions

• Free training

• After-sales service

• Consulting webinars.

Pile length measuring method

The method is based on measuring the response time for the signal reflected from the other end of pile or from obstacles inside the pile that emerge due to its inhomogeneity. The lenght is calculated based on the known speed of primary wave for various types of piles and measured response time. The source of primary waves is a special hammer; the seismic pick up serves as a pick up of elastic vibration.

Software IMPACT (Better analysis than ordinary Pile software)

The software is used for automotive basic plates thickness, possible defects detection, survey the plate and soil engagement condition.

PILEMETER Software

Specialized PILEMETER software provides automated detection of the length of a pile or rate of the acoustic wave in the pile, and, more importantly, allows one to collect this necessary data easily and clearly. This Specialized software also helps to determine the thickness and defects of piles using the Impact Echo Principle.

It also..

Once the longitudinal wave velocity in the pile is defined, this software determines the length, integrity and localizing defects of piles.

The IDS-1 set includes:

•Electronic module

•Seismic pick-ups

•Charging unit

•Set of cables

•Set of documentation

•Transportation bag

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1- Electromagnetic EM and Electrical Resistivity Sounding VES

Paul Ssali — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 06:52:23 +0000

Electromagnetic EM and Resistivity Sounding

Geotech ERA-MAX ELECTROMAGNETIC AND RESISTIVITY SURVEYING SYSTEM

ERA-MAX equipment is designed for electrical prospecting on any surface

Features

•Low-frequency electromagnetic method for measuring resistivity

•Operating frequencies: DC, 1.22, 2.44, 4.88, 9.76, 19.52 and 625, 1250, 2500 Hz

•Electrical field can be measured by pairs of active electrodes capacitively coupled to the earth, or by the telescopic antenna in air

Applications

•Civil-engineering survey for construction and inspection of active pipelines, roads, hydraulic facilities

•Search and exploration for ore and nonmetallic minerals

•Ecology, archeology

•Inspection of house footing and urban underground utilities

Survey methods

•Electrical exploration – resistivity method (vertical electrical sounding profiling)

•Charge method

•Self-potential method

•Inductive methods

•Geomagnetics – vector measuring of the earth magnetic field

•Noncontact probing of protective currents in pipelines

Specifications

Climatic Performance	IP65
Temperature Range	-30 to +65°C
Receiver
Operation Frequencies	DC, 0.61, 1.22, 2.44, 4.88, 50, 100, 625, 1250, 2500 Hz
Input Voltage Range,
DC	10 mkV ± 4 V (at Rinp 10 mOhms)
	100 mkV ± 4 V (at Rinp 100 mOhms)
0.61, 1.22, 2.44, 4.88, 50, 100, 625, 1250, 2500 Hz	0.1 mkV – 2.8 V
Input Active Resistance	100 mOhms (DC)
	100 mOhms (AC)
Input Capacitance	15 pF (max) (AC)
Pass band (specified by operator)	(2-3)% / (4-6)% (4.88, 50, 100 Hz)
	0.1% / 0.2% (625, 1250, 2500 Hz)
Interference Suppression	100 dB (DC)
(50-60 Hz and radio frequencies)	100 dB (0.61, 1.22, 2.44, 4.88, 625, 1250, 2500 Hz)
Memory Capacity	5200 readings
Extraneous DC Voltage Compensation	Automatic
Interface	RS-232C
Basic Reduced Measurement Error	1% (Input Voltage, DC)
	4% (Ratio of input voltage to generator output current;
	for 0.61, 1.22, 2.44, 4.88, 625, 1250, 2500 Hz)
Supply Voltage	12 V, Built-in Accumulator Unit
Consumption Current	30 mA (max.)
Internal Power	Supply Accumulator Unit – 2000 mA AA (R6)
Weight; Overall Dimensions	1.2 kg; 160 x 52 x 200 mm
Connected Input Receivers	– Ground Receiver Electrodes
	– Active Electrodes
	– Air Electric Antenna
	– Trail Receiving Line
	– Magnetic Antenna – Ferroprobe
	– Induction Magnetic Antenna
Transmitter
Output Regulated Current	1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 100, 200 mA
Voltage	to 1000 V (DC)
Operation Frequencies	0, 1.22, 2.44, 4.88, 625, 1250, 2500 Hz
External Power Supply	12 – 24 V
Built-in Accumulator Unit	2 AH, Panasonic
Maximum Output Power	40 BA (max.)
Weight; Overal Dimensions	2.3 kg (Including Internal Accumulator) 160 x 160 x 60 mm
Output Current Form	Meander
Output Generators	Ground Electrodes; Closed Loop; Trail Lines (“625Hz)
Rotating Field Mode	Available (if two generators used)

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1- Electrical Resistivity Tomography 2d/3d and VES-Geotech

Paul Ssali — Tue, 26 Jan 2021 05:59:17 +0000

OMEGA 48 Resistivity meter

omega-48-72-96 channels ERT SYSTEM

GEOTECH ERP-1 1D Vertical Electrical Sounding and Profiling Equipment

RESISTIVITY SYSTEM OMEGA-48

OMEGA-48 is a multichannel Resistivity system designed for vertical electrical sounding (VES) and induced polarization (IP) methods on electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technology.

Resistivity system OMEGA-48 consists of

•Multi-electrode 10-channel Resistivity instrument which includes transmitter, receiver and switching unit connected to current and measuring lines in a single heavy duty cable with waterproof enclosure

•Two sections of multi-core cable with 24 electrode each

•Industrial laptop

•Software for system control, results acquisition, data processing and interpretation:

•developing field measuring protocol, SEQ files,

•managing measuring process, data collection and storage,

•visualization and editing field data,

•automatic data 2D inversion,

•visualization of inversion result.

Resistivity instrument measures amplitude parameters of output current of the transmitter, electrical potential difference between measuring electrodes (apparent resistivity), time parameters of chargeability (apparent chargeability) determined on voltage decay curve at measuring electrodes after switching off the current.

RESISTIVITY SYSTEM OMEGA-48

OMEGA-48 is a multichannel Resistivity system designed for vertical electrical sounding (VES) and induced polarization (IP) methods on electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) technology.

Description

Characteristics

Specifications

Number of measuring and current electrodes connected to the multi-core cable	48, the multi-core cable consist of two sections, 24 electrodes each, the unit is located in the center
Number of channels for simultaneous measuring operation	1 to 10. A pair of receiving electrodes for each channel is selected according to protocol
Number of current lines in simultaneous operation	1. Transmitting electrodes pair is selected according to protocol
Electrode spacing	1 to 10 m
Multi-core cable lenght	50 to 500 m (two sections with length from 25 to 250 m)
Signal form	direct current bipolar impulses of regulated duration with pauses
Power supply	24 V, external
Operating temperature	-20 to +50°C (option down to -40°C)
Transmitter
Number of input channels	1 (or 2 lines) (commutation multi-core cable is possible)
Direct current bipolar impulses of regulated duration with pauses
Impulses duration	0.2048, 0.4096, 0.8192, 1.6384, 3.2768, 6.5536, 13.1072, 26.2144, 52.4288 seconds
Duty ratio	0.2 .. 0.5
Output voltage	30, 100, 300, 500 V
Instability of output voltage under variation of load resistance	1% at most
Output current	10 mA to 5A
Maximum output capacity	0.5 kW (500 V – 1 A, 100 V – 2 A, 30 V – 5 A)
Time for complete current cut-off on active load	10 μs at most
Protection from short circuits on the output
Receiver
Number of input channels	1 to 10 pairs of dipoles
Input resistance of each channel	at least 20 MOhm
Range of measured signals	10 μV to 12 V
Amplitude response of each channel	at least 2 to 3 μV
Instant dynamic range	at least 90 dB
Voltage of in phase signal on the input	12.5 V at most
Amplification rate of the prime amplifier	1, 10, 100, 1000
Bit length of Sigma-delta analog-digital converter (ADC)	24
Level of in phase interference suppression	at least 80 dB
level of industrial interference suppression with frequencies 45 to 55 and 55 to 65 Hz	at least 80 db
Operating temperature	from -20 to +50°C (option down to -40°C)

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